Central Asia: In Central Asia, air quality issues stem from local pollution due to fossil fuel combustion for heating and transport, alongside transboundary pollution from frequent sand and dust storms. Major cities in the region experience PM2.5 concentrations that often exceed WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines by 6 to 12 times, particularly during winter, posing significant public health risks.
According to World Bank, governments across Central Asia are receiving support through Bunk-funded analytical work and projects aimed at improving air quality management (AQM) as part of broader development strategies to green and decarbonize their economies. The report includes analytical papers on air quality and AQM systems in Central Asia, specifically focusing on Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, with detailed analyses of major cities such as Almaty, Astana, Bishkek, and Tashkent.
In many Central Asian cities, soil and desert dust significantly contribute to PM2.5 concentrations, accounting for 20-50% of total exposure. However, 50-80% of PM2.5 exposure is attributed to anthropogenic emissions, which can be mitigated through targeted policy interventions. Cities in the region can cost-effectively reduce air pollution and achieve WHO interim targets by focusing on emissions reductions from residential and commercial heating, road transport, and industry, while enhancing urban greening.
A new governance model for AQM, known as the airshed approach, is proposed. This model emphasizes cooperation between jurisdictions and clear distribution of responsibilities across government levels. Strengthening institutional, legal, and policy frameworks for AQM; updating air quality standards; expanding monitoring and modeling capabilities; increasing stakeholder engagement; and supporting regional cooperation are shared priorities.
A strategic financing approach that combines policy alignment, innovative financial instruments, and private sector engagement is essential. Integrating AQM investments with climate action can also unlock broader funding opportunities.